Publications
2024
V. Iyer, D. Widmann, C. Moore, M. F. Bauwens, S. M. Bowers and R. M. Weikle, "A Phase Conjugator Based on Fourth-Order Subharmonically Pumped Mixers," in IEEE Microwave and Wireless Technology Letters. (LINK)
J. Moody, A. Dissanayake, B. H. Calhoun, S. M. Bowers, "Low power receiver and related circuits," U.S. Patent 11 929 714, Mar.12, 2024. (LINK)
S. Sun, B. Wang, K. Liu, M. W. Harrington, F. Tabatabaei, R. Liu, J. Wang, S. Hanifi, J. S. Morgan, M. Jahanbozorgi, Z. Yang, S. M. Bowers, P. A. Morton, K. D. Nelson, A. Beling, D. J. Blumenthal, X. Yi, "Integrated optical frequency division for microwave and mmWave generation," Nature 627, 540–545 (2024). (LINK)
I. Kudelin, W. Groman, Q. Ji, J. Guo, M. L. Kelleher, D. Lee, T. Nakamura, C. A. McLemore, P. Shirmohammadi, S. Hanifi, H. Cheng, N. Jin, L. Wu, S. Halladay, Y. Luo, Z. Dai, W. Jin, J. Bai, Y. Liu, W. Zhang, C. Xiang, L. Chang, V. Iltchenko, O. Miller, A. Matsko, S. M. Bowers, P. T. Rakich, J. C. Campbell, J. E. Bowers, K. J. Vahala, F. Quinlan, S. A. Diddams, "Photonic chip-based low-noise microwave oscillator," Nature 627, 534–539, 2024. (LINK)
S. Hanifi and S. M. Bowers, "Low-Additive Phase Noise Low-Power Static Frequency Dividers," 2024 IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium (RWS), San Antonio, TX, USA, 2024, pp. 5-7. (LINK)
P. Shirmohammadi and S. M. Bowers, "A Wideband 2.18-13.51 GHz Ultra-Low Additive Phase Noise Power Amplifier in InP 250nm HBT," 2024 IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium (RWS), San Antonio, TX, USA, 2024. (LINK)
X. Shen, R. Costanzo, P. Singaraju, T. N. Blalock, A. Beling and S. M. Bowers, "Compact Heterogeneously Integrated Optical Phase-Locked Loop for 10 GHz to 40 GHz Optical Frequency Difference Locking," in Journal of Lightwave Technology. (LINK)
2023
P. P. Mercier and S. M. Bowers, "IEEE Open Journal of the Solid-State Circuits Society Special Section on Low-Power RF Circuits and Systems," in IEEE Open Journal of the Solid-State Circuits Society, vol. 3, pp. 223-224, 2023. (LINK)
F. Tabatabaei, J. S. Morgan, S. Sun, S. Hanifi, R. Liu, S. Estrella, M. Woodson, S. M. Bowers, X. Yi, and A. Beling, "Generation of 10.2 dBm millimeter-wave power at 100 GHz using soliton microcomb and modified uni-traveling carrier photodiode," 2023 IEEE Photonics Conference (IPC), Orlando, FL, USA, 2023, pp. 1-2. (LINK)
L. Zhang, V. Iyer, J. R. Sheth, L. Xie, R. M. Weikle and S. M. Bowers, "F Band Distributed Active Transformer Power Amplifier Achieving 12 Gb/s in InP 130-nm HBT," in IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques. (LINK)
Kudelin, I., Groman, W., Ji, Q.X., Guo, J., Kelleher, M.L., Lee, D., Nakamura, T., McLemore, C.A., Shirmohammadi, P., Hanifi, S. and Cheng, H., 2023. "Photonic chip-based low noise microwave oscillator," arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.08937. (LINK)
J. R. Sheth, L. Zhang, X. Shen, V. Iyer and S. M. Bowers, "A Current-Mode Multiphase Digital Transmitter With a Single-Footprint Transformer-Based Asymmetric Doherty Output Network," in IEEE Open Journal of the Solid-State Circuits Society, vol. 3, pp. 103-117, 2023. (LINK)
Sun, S., Wang, B., Liu, K., Harrington, M., Tabatabaei, F., Liu, R., Wang, J., Hanifi, S., Morgan, J.S., Jahanbozorgi, M. and Yang, Z., 2023. " Integrated optical frequency division for stable microwave and mmWave generation," arXiv preprint arXiv:2305.13575. (LINK)
Kudelin, P. Shirmohammadi, W. Groman, S. Hanifi, M. Kelleher, D. Lee, C. McLemore, A. Lind, S. Bowers, F. Quinlan, and S. Diddams, "Tunable opto-electronic synthesizer at 10 GHz with ultralow phase noise," in CLEO 2023, Technical Digest Series (Optica Publishing Group, 2023), paper SF2F.3. (LINK)
L. Zhang, D. Duvvuri, S. Bhattacharya, A. Dissanayake, X. Liu, H. L. Bishop, Y. Zhang, T. N. Blalock, B. H. Calhoun, and S. M. Bowers, "A -102dBm Sensitivity, 2.2μA Packet-Level-Duty-cycled Wake-Up Receiver with ADPLL achieving -30dB SIR," 2023 IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference (CICC), San Antonio, TX, USA, 2023, pp. 1-2. (LINK)
V. Iyer, J. Sheth, L. Zhang, R. M. Weikle and S. M. Bowers, "A 15.3-dBm, 18.3% PAE F-Band Power Amplifier in 130-nm InP HBT With Modulation Measurements," in IEEE Microwave and Wireless Technology Letters, vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 547-550, May 2023. (LINK)
2022
F. Yu, T. -C. Tzu, J. Gao, T. Fatema, K. Sun, P. Singaraju, S. M. Bowers, C. Reyes, A. Beling, "High-Power High-Speed MUTC Waveguide Photodiodes Integrated on Si3N4/Si Platform Using Micro-Transfer Printing," in IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, 2022.(LINK)
P. P. Mercier, B. H. Calhoun, P. -H. P. Wang, A. Dissanayake, L. Zhang, D. A. Hall, and S. M. Bowers, "Low-Power RF Wake-Up Receivers: Analysis, Trade-Offs, and Design," in IEEE Open Journal of the Solid-State Circuits Society, 2022.(LINK)
X. Shen, R. Costanzo, P. Singaraju and S. M. Bowers, "Compact Integrated Phase Locked Loop for Optical Frequency Difference Locking," 2022 IEEE International Topical Meeting on Microwave Photonics (MWP), Orlando, FL, USA, 2022.(LINK)
V. Iyer, J. Sheth, L. Zhang, R. M. Weikle and S. Bowers, "A 90-125 GHz Stacked PA in 130 nm InP HBT with 18.3 % peak PAE at 15.3 dBm Output Power," 2022 United States National Committee of URSI National Radio Science Meeting (USNC-URSI NRSM), 2022. (LINK)
L. Zhang, V. Iyer, J. Sheth, L. Xie, R. Weikle and S.M. Bowers, “A 117.5-130 GHz 22.1 dBm 11.5% PAE DAT Based Power Amplifier in InP 130 nm HBT Technology,”2021 European Microwave Integrated Circuits Conference (EuMIC), London, UK, April 2022. (LINK)
2021
X. Shen, D. Duvvuri, P. Bassirian, H. L. Bishop, X. Liu, A. Dissanayake, Y. Zhang, T. N. Blalock, B. H. Calhoun, S. M. Bowers, "A 184-nW, -78.3-dBm Sensitivity Antenna-Coupled Supply, Temperature, and Interference-Robust Wake-Up Receiver at 4.9 GHz," in IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.(LINK)
J. Nanzer and S. Bowers, "IMS2021 Technical Lectures," in IEEE Microwave Magazine, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 60-62, May 2021. (IEEE LINK)
Near Margalit, Chao Xiang, Steven M. Bowers, Alexis Bjorlin, Robert Blum, and John E. Bowers, "Perspective on the future of silicon photonics and electronics", Appl. Phys. Lett. 118, 220501 (2021). (LINK)
A. Dissanayake, H. L. Bishop, S. M. Bowers and B. H. Calhoun, "A 2.4 GHz-91.5 dBm Sensitivity Within-Packet Duty-Cycled Wake-Up Receiver," in IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, 2021. (IEEE LINK)
A. Dissanayake, S. M. Bowers and B. H. Calhoun, "Stacked Transconductance Boosting for Ultra-Low Power 2.4GHz RF Front-End Design," 2021 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), 2021.(IEEE LINK)
Robert Costanzo, Junyi Gao, Xiaochuan Shen, Qianhuan Yu, Afnan Alabdulwahab, Andreas Beling and Steven M. Bowers, "Low-Noise Balanced Photoreceiver with InP-on-Si Photodiodes and SiGe BiCMOS Transimpedance Amplifier," in Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 39, no. 14, pp. 4837-4846, July15, 2021. (IEEE LINK)
K. Sun, J. Gao, R. Costanzo, T. Tzu, S. M. Bowers and A. Beling, "Germanium Photodiode Arrays on Silicon-On-Insulator with On-Chip Bias Circuit,” in IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol. 33, no. 16, pp. 832-835, 15 Aug.15, 2021.(IEEE LINK)
D. Duvvuri, X. Shen, P. Bassirian, H. L. Bishop, X. Liu, C. Chen, A. Dissanayake, Y. Zhang, T. N. Blalock, B. H. Calhoun, S. M. Bowers, "A 366 nW, -74.5 dBm Sensitivity Antenna-Coupled Wakeup Receiver at 4.9 GHz with Integrated Voltage Regulation and References," 2021 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium (IMS), Atlanta, GA, 2021, pp. 1-4.
J. Sheth and S. M. Bowers, "A Four-Way Nested Digital Doherty Power Amplifier for Low-Power Applications," in IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 69, no. 6, pp. 2782-2794, June 2021. (IEEE LINK)
H. L. Bishop*, A. Dissanayake*, S. M. Bowers, and B. H. Calhoun, “An Integrated 2.4GHz -91.5dBm Sensitivity Within-Packet Duty-Cycled Wake-Up Receiver Achieving 2μW at 100ms Latency”, 2021 IEEE International Solid – State Circuits Conference – (ISSCC), San Francisco, CA (*Equally-Credited Authors), 2021. (IEEE LINK)
X. Shen, J. Morgan, R. Costanzo, K. Sun, M. Woodson, S. Estrella, A. Beling, and S. M.Bowers, “High-power V-band to G-band photonically-driven electromagnetic emitters,” in IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 69, no. 2, pp. 1474-1487, Feb. 2021. (IEEE LINK)
2020
S. Link, R. Lu, S. Zhang, S. Gong, A. Dissanayake and S. M. Bowers, "Enabling Channelizing Filters for High Impedance Nodes with Temperature Compensated Lamb-Wave Resonators," 2020 Joint Conference of the IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and International Symposium on Applications of Ferroelectrics (IFCS-ISAF), Keystone, CO, USA, 2020.(IEEE LINK)
K. Sun, R. Costanzo, T. Tzu, S. M. Bowers and A. Beling, "Foundry-Enabled Ge Photodiode Arrays on Si on Insulator with On-Chip Biasing Circuit,” 2020 IEEE Photonics Conference (IPC), Vancouver, BC, Canada, 2020, pp. 1-2.(IEEE LINK)
P. Bassirian, D. Duvvuri, N. Liu, D. Truesdell, H. Tsao, N. Scott Barker, B. H. Calhoun,and S. M. Bowers, “Design of an S-Band Nanowatt-Level Wakeup Receiver with Envelope Detector-First Architecture,” in IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 68, no. 9, pp. 3920-3929, Sept. 2020. (IEEE LINK)
R. Costanzo and S. M. Bowers, "A 10-GHz Bandwidth Transimpedance Amplifier With Input DC Photocurrent Compensation Loop," in IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, vol. 30, no. 7, pp. 673-676, July 2020. (IEEE LINK)
A. Dissanayake, H. L. Bishop, J. Moody, H. Muhlbauer, B. H. Calhoun and S. M. Bowers, "A Multichannel, MEMS-Less −99dBm 260nW Bit-Level Duty Cycled Wakeup Receiver," 2020 IEEE Symposium on VLSI Circuits, Honolulu, HI, 2020. (IEEE LINK)
R. Costanzo, Q. Yu, X. Shen, J. Gao, A. Beling and S. M. Bowers, “Low-Noise Balanced Photoreceiver with Waveguide SiN Photodetectors and SiGe TIA,” 2020 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO), San Jose, CA, 2020. (IEEE LINK)
J. Sheth and S. M. Bowers, "A Differential Digital 4-Way Doherty Power Amplifier with 48% Peak Drain Efficiency for Low Power Applications," 2020 IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium (RFIC), Los Angeles, CA, 2020. (IEEE LINK)
A. Dissanayake et al., "A -108dBm Sensitivity, -28dB SIR, 130nW to 41μW, Digitally Reconfigurable Bit-Level Duty-Cycled Wakeup and Data Receiver," 2020 IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference (CICC), Boston, MA, 2020. (IEEE LINK)
P. Bassirian, D. Duvvuri, D. Truesdell, N. Liu, B. H. Calhoun, S. M. Bowers, “A Temperature-robust 27.6nW -65dBm Wakeup Receiver at 9.6GHz X Band,”2020 IEEE International Solid – State Circuits Conference – (ISSCC), San Francisco, CA, 2020. (IEEE LINK)
2019
J. E. Bowers, A. Beling, S. M. Bowers, T. C. Briles, L. Chang, J. Chiles, R. Costanzo et al., “Chip-scale Optical Resonator Enabled Synthesizer(CORES),” Government Microcircuit Applications and Critical Technology (GoMACTech) Conference, 2019. (DTIC LINK)
K. Sun, T. Tzu, R. Costanzo, Q. Yu, S. M. Bowers and A. Beling, "Ge-on-Si Balanced Periodic Traveling-Wave Photodetector," IEEE Photonics Conference (IPC), San Antonio, TX, USA, 2019, pp. 1-2. (IEEE LINK)
J. Moody et al., "A Highly Reconfigurable Bit-Level Duty-Cycled TRF Receiver Achieving −106-dBm Sensitivity and 33-nW Average Power Consumption," in IEEE Solid-State Circuits Letters, vol. 2, no. 12, pp. 309-312, Dec. 2019. (IEEE LINK)
X. Shen, R. Costanzo, J. Morgan, K. Sun, M. Woodson, S. Estrella, A. Beling, and S. M. Bowers, "High-Power W-band to G-band Photonically-Driven Electromagnetic Emitter with 8.8 dBm EIRP," 2019 International Topical Meeting on Microwave Photonics (MWP), Ottawa, 2019, pp. 1-4. (IEEE LINK)
R. Costanzo, Z. Yang, A. Beling and S. M. Bowers, "Wideband Balanced Photoreceivers with InP-based Photodiodes and 65 nm CMOS TIAs for use in Optical Frequency Synthesis Systems," in Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 37, no. 23, pp. 5833-5839, 1 Dec.1, 2019. (IEEE LINK)
T. Tzu, K. Sun, R. W. Costanzo, D. Ayoub, S. Bowers and A. Beling, "Foundry-Enabled High-Power Photodetectors for Microwave Photonics," in IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 1-11, Sept.-Oct. 2019, Art no. 3800111. (IEEE LINK)
J. Moody, P. Bassirian, A. Roy, N. Liu, N. S. Barker, B. H. Calhoun, and S. M. Bowers, "Interference Robust Detector-First Near-Zero Power Wake-Up Receiver," in IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, pp. 1-14, 2019. (IEEE LINK)
J. Moody et al., "A -106dBm 33nW Bit-Level Duty-Cycled Tuned RF Wake-up Receiver," 2019 Symposium on VLSI Circuits, Kyoto, Japan, 2019, pp. C86-C87. (IEEE LINK)
J. Moody and S. M. Bowers, "Triode-mode Envelope Detectors for Near Zero Power Wake-up Receivers," 2019 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium (IMS), Boston, MA, USA, 2019, pp. 1499-1502. (IEEE LINK)
P. Bassirian, J. Moody, R. Lu, A. Gao, T. Manzaneque, A. Roy, N. S. Barker, B. H. Calhoun, S. Gong, S. M. Bowers, “Nanowatt-Level Wakeup Receiver Front Ends Using MEMS Resonators for Impedance Transformation,” in IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 67, no. 4, pp. 1615-1627, April 2019. (IEEE LINK)
2018
K. Sun, R. Costanzo, T. Tzu, Q. Yu, S. M. Bowers and A. Beling, “Ge-on-Si Waveguide Photodiode Array for High-Power Applications,” 2018 IEEE Photonics Conference (IPC), Reston, VA, 2018, pp. 1-2. (IEEE LINK)
R. Costanzo and S. M. Bowers, “A Current Reuse Regulated Cascode CMOS Transimpedance Amplifier With 11-GHz Bandwidth,” in IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, vol. 28, no. 9, pp. 816-818, Sept. 2018. (IEEE LINK)
K. Sun, J. Moody, Q. Li, S. M. Bowers and A. Beling, “High Power Integrated Photonic W-Band Emitter,” in IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 66, no. 3, pp. 1668-1677, March 2018. (IEEE LINK)
J. Moody, P. Bassirian, A. Roy, N. Liu, S. Pancrazio, N. S. Barker, B. H. Calhoun, S. M. Bowers, “A -76dBm 7.4nW Wakeup Radio with Automatic Offset Compensation,” 2018 IEEE International Solid – State Circuits Conference – (ISSCC), San Francisco, CA, 2018, pp. 452-454. (IEEE LINK)
2017
P. Bassirian, J. Moody, Anming Gao, Tomas Manzaneque, Benton H. Calhoun, N. Scott Barker, Songbin Gong, Steven M. Bowers, “A Passive 461 MHz AlN-CMOS RF Front-end for Event-driven Wakeup Receivers,” 2017 IEEE SENSORS, Glasgow, Scotland, 2017, pp.1-3. (IEEE LINK)
R. Costanzo, Z. Yang, N. Raduazo, A. Beling and S.M. Bowers, “A 10 GHz Bandwidth Balanced Photoreceiver with 41 V/W Optical Conversion Gain,” 2017 European Microwave Integrated Circuits Conference (EuMIC), Nuremberg, Germany, 2017, pp. 1-4. (IEEE LINK)
J. Moody, P. Bassirian, A. Roy, Y. Feng, S. Li, R. Costanzo, N. S. Barker, B. H. Calhoun, S. M. Bowers, “An 8.3 nW -72 dBm Event Driven IoE Wake-up Receiver,” 2017 European Microwave Integrated Circuits Conference (EuMIC), Nuremberg, Germany, 2017, pp. 1-4. (IEEE LINK)
Z. Yang, R. Costanzo, N. Raduazo, J. Zang, S. Bowers, and A. Beling, “Low-Noise Balanced Photoreceiver with 21 V/W Optical Conversion Gain,” Advanced Photonics 2017 (IPR, NOMA, Sensors, Networks, SPPCom, PS), OSA Technical Digest (online) (Optical Society of America, 2017), paper IM3A.5. (OSA LINK)
P. Bassirian, J. Moody, Steven M. Bowers, “Event-Driven Wakeup Receivers: Applications and Design Challenges,” 2017 IEEE 60th International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems (MWSCAS), Boston, MA, 2017, pp. 1-4. (IEEE LINK)
P. Bassirian, J. Moody, Steven M. Bowers, “Analysis of Quadratic Dickson Based Envelope Detectors for IoE Sensor Node Applications,” 2017 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium (IMS), Honolulu, HI, 2017, pp. 1-4. (IEEE LINK)
2016
K. Sun, J. Moody, Q. Li, S. M. Bowers, and A Beling, “High-Power Integrated Photodiode-Antenna Emitter for 100GHz Applications,” OSA Integrated Photonics Research (IPR) Conference, July 2016. (OSA LINK)
J. Moody, K. Sun, Q. Li, A. Beling and S. M. Bowers, “A Vivaldi antenna based W-band MUTC photodiode driven radiator,” 2016 IEEE International Topical Meeting on Microwave Photonics (MWP), Long Beach, CA, 2016, pp. 217-220. (IEEE LINK)
A. Safaripour, S. M. Bowers, K. Dasgupta and A. Hajimiri, "Dynamic Polarization Control of Two-Dimensional Integrated Phased Arrays," in IEEE Trans. on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 64, no. 4, pp. 1066-1077, April 2016. (IEEE LINK)
Bowers, S., Sengupta, K., Dasgupta, K., & Hajimiri, A. (2016). Self-healing for silicon-based mm-wave power amplifiers. In H. Hashemi & S. Raman (Eds.), Mm-Wave Silicon Power Amplifiers and Transmitters (The Cambridge RF and Microwave Engineering Series, pp. 419-456). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (LINK)
2015
A. Safaripour, S. M. Bowers, K. Dasgupta and A. Hajimiri, “A 2×2 Dynamic Polarization-Controlling integrated phased array,” 2015 IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium (RFIC), Phoenix, AZ, 2015, pp. 219-222. (IEEE LINK)
S. M. Bowers, A. Safaripour and A. Hajimiri, “Dynamic Polarization Control,” in IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 50, no. 5, pp. 1224-1236, May 2015. (IEEE LINK)
S. M. Bowers, A. Safaripour and A. Hajimiri, “An Integrated Slot-Ring Traveling-Wave Radiator,” in IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 63, no. 4, pp. 1154-1162, April 2015. (IEEE LINK)
2014
S. M. Bowers, B. Abiri, F. Aflatouni and A. Hajimiri, “A compact optically driven travelling-wave radiating source,” OFC 2014, San Francisco, CA, 2014, pp. 1-3. (IEEE LINK)
S. M. Bowers, A. Safaripour and A. Hajimiri, “An integrated traveling-wave slot radiator,” 2014 IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium, Tampa, FL, 2014, pp. 369-372. (IEEE LINK)
S. M. Bowers, A. Safaripour and A. Hajimiri, “Dynamic Polarization Control of integrated radiators,” 2014 IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium, Tampa, FL, 2014, pp. 291-294. (IEEE LINK)
2013
S. M. Bowers and A. Hajimiri, “Multi-Port Driven Radiators,” in IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 61, no. 12, pp. 4428-4441, Dec. 2013. (IEEE LINK)
S. M. Bowers, K. Sengupta, K. Dasgupta, B. D. Parker and A. Hajimiri, “Integrated Self-Healing for mm-Wave Power Amplifiers,” in IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 61, no. 3, pp. 1301-1315, March 2013. (IEEE LINK)
S. M. Bowers and A. Hajimiri, “An integrated multi-port driven radiating source,” 2013 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest (MTT), Seattle, WA, 2013, pp. 1-3. (IEEE LINK)
2012
K. Sengupta, K. Dasgupta, S. M. Bowers and A. Hajimiri, “On-chip sensing and actuation methods for integrated self-healing mm-wave CMOS power amplifier,” 2012 IEEE/MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest, Montreal, QC, Canada, 2012, pp. 1-3. (IEEE LINK)
S. M. Bowers, K. Sengupta, K. Dasgupta and A. Hajimiri, “A fully-integrated self-healing power amplifier,” 2012 IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium, Montreal, QC, 2012, pp. 221-224. (IEEE LINK)