Mercury's Exosphere
Mercury's Exosphere
Determination of sputtering and desorption cross sections for metal species relevant to the exosphere of Mercury & other airless bodies: Laboratory measurements
Support: NSF (9/1/2020 - 8/31/2024)
The conditions on the surface of the planet Mercury are similar in some ways to that of Earth’s Moon. Both have rocky crusts made up mostly of silicate minerals, daytime temperatures are significantly warmer than those found on Earth, and both have very thin atmospheres due to insufficient gravity and proximity to the sun. This type of tenuous atmosphere is called an exosphere, which on Mercury extends from space all the way down to the surface of the planet. It is generated mostly by the interaction of the sun with the planetary surface materials, as well as bombardment by meteors from space and the radioactive decay of elements within the crust. Particles from the sun – photons, electrons, and charged atoms called ions – directly impact the soil on Mercury’s surface. Energy is transferred from the incident particles, ejecting molecules & atoms from the soil topmost layer. This results in a multi-component, thin, diffuse layer above Mercury’s surface. This soil-derived exosphere contains metal-volatile species of Na, K, Ca, Al, Mg, Fe, and Mn, in varying amounts, which have been observed by telescopes on Earth and by orbiting spacecraft. Thus, our knowledge of Mercury’s exospheric dynamics is based on observational data that feed numerical simulations, utilizing physical parameters precisely measured in the laboratory. At this time, there are only a few experimental measurements for the release of sodium and potassium from the surface that are available, with no systematic data for all metal-volatile species. This grant will provide critical laboratory data needed to (1) improve interpretation of telescopic and in situ orbiters/landers of phenomena observed at Mercury, (2) update and improve dynamical models of spatial and temporal variations in the exosphere, and (3) provide input into predictive exospheric models for as yet unobserved airless planetary bodies such as asteroids or comets.
PI: Catherine Dukes
Contributors: Adam Woodson (Research Scientist); Noah Jäggi (Visiting Scholar); Kamil Stelmach (Graduate Student); Cassadre Morel (UVa-Physics Undergraduate); A.Li (UVa-Computer Science Undergraduate); Grace Minesinger (UVa-Physics Undergraduate); Grant Killian (UVa-Physics Undergraduate); Brian Richards (UVa-MechE Undergraduate); Logan Honts (UVa-Aerospace Undergraduate); Linda Ziamanesh (UVa-Chemistry Undergraduate); Jessica Oraegbu (UVa-Computer Science Undergraduate); Salvador Adrian (UVa-Computer Science Undergraduate); Yuvraj Singh (UVa- Aerospace Undergraduate).
NSF Project Abstracts, Publications, & Proceedings:
A. Woodson, C. Morel, N. Jäggi, C. Dukes “Bimodal Sputter Depletion of Adsorbed Na from Granular, Regolith-Like, Olivine Targets,” AVS 71st International Symposium & Exhibition, Charlotte, N.C., Abstract #S11564, Sept. 21-26, (2025) [Talk]
A. K. Woodson, C. M. Morel, A. Li, N. Jäggi, C. A. Dukes, “Sodium Surface Diffusion on Smooth and Irradiated Forsterite,” 56th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, The Woodlands, TX, Abstract #2698, Mar. 10-14, (2025) [Poster]
N. Jäggi, O. Barraud, & C.A. Dukes, “Radiation-hard Sulfides Act as Hollow Bright Material,” Mercury Exploration Assessment Group (MExAG) Meeting, Abstract # 6018, Laurel, MD, February 4–6, (2025) [Talk]
Noah Jäggi and C.A. Dukes, “Surface Response of Mercury’s Sulfides under Solar Wind Ion Irradiation,” The Planetary Science Journal, accepted 16 Nov. (2025) [Article]
Noah Jäggi & Catherine A. Dukes, Magnesium sulfide powder analyzed by XPS, Surf. Sci. Spectra 32 (1): 014001 (2025) https://doi.org/10.1116/6.0004185 [Article]
C. Bu, L.S. Morrissey, B.C. Bostick, M.H. Burger, K. P. Bowen, S.N. Chillrud, D.L. Domingue, C.A. Dukes, D.S. Ebel, G.E. Harlow, P-M. Hillenbrand, D.A. Ivanov, R.M. Killen, J.M. Ross, D. Schury, O. J. Tucker, X. Urbain, R. Zhang, and D. W. Savin, “Absolute Doubly Differential Angular Sputtering Yields for 20 keV Kr+ on Polycrystalline Cu,” J. Appl. Phys. 21; 135 (3): 035302 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0184417 [Article]
N. Jäggi, A. Mutzke, A. K. Woodson, and C.A. Dukes, “Solar Wind Interaction with Mercury’s Sulfides,” 56th DPS, Boise Idaho, Abst#XXX, Oct. (2024) [Talk]
A. Li, N. Jäggi, C. M. Morel, A. K. Woodson, and C.A. Dukes, “Helium Bubble Formation and Diffusion Simulations in Silicates,” AGU Fall 2024, Washington, D.C., Abstract ID: P41C-06 (Talk), 9-13 December (2024) [Talk]
N. Jäggi, A. K. Woodson, J. Brötzner, P. S. Szabo, R. A. Wilhelm, & C.A. Dukes, “Three-dimensional descriptions of sputter yields,” AGU Fall 2024, Washington, D.C., Abstract ID: 1632532 (Poster), 9-13 December (2024)
P. Riccardi & C.A. Dukes,”Electron correlation effects in electron promotion processes during binary atomic collisions at solid surfaces,” Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B, Volume 554, 165458 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2024.165458. [Article]
K.B. Stelmach, C.A. Dukes, and R.T. Garrod, " A Search for Chirality in Hydrogenated Magnesium Nanosilicates: A DFT and TD-DFT Investigation," Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 128, 18, 3475–3494, (2024) https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpca.3c0652 [Article]
A.K. Woodson, C. Morel, N. Jäggi, and C. A. Dukes, “Sputter-removal of adsorbed sodium from granular Mercury regolith analogs,” 56th DPS, Boise Idaho, Abst#XXX, Oct. (2024)
A.K. Woodson, C.A. Dukes, C. Morel, & N. Jäggi, “Solar Wind Ion Sputtering of Adsorbed Sodium from Mercury Regolith,” 55th LPSC, March 11-15, The Woodlands, TX, ID# XXXXX (2024)
N. Jäggi, C.M. Morel, A. Mutzke, A.K. Woodson, and C.A. Dukes, “Defect-Mediated Diffusion in Mercury’s Regolith Sulfides,” 55th LPSC, March 11-15, The Woodlands, TX, ID# XXXXX (2024)
A.K. Woodson, C.A. Dukes, C. Morel, & N. Jaeggi, “Solar Wind Ion Sputtering of Sodium Vapor Deposited on Mercury Regolith Analogs,” AGU, San Francisco, Dec. 11-15, ID# 1410746 (2023)
N. Jäggi, A. Mutzke, H. Biber, P. S. Szabo, J. Brötzner, F. Aumayr, K. Mezger, P. Wurz, A. Galli, A. Woodson, C. Dukes, "SpuBase: Solar Wind Ion Sputtering Yields of Major Rock-forming Minerals for Exosphere Models," AGU, San Francisco, Dec. 11-15, ID# 1300294 (2023) [Article]
F. Leblanc, R. Deborde, D. Tramontina, E. Bringa, J.Y. Chaufray, S. Aizawa, R. Modolo, L. Morrissey, A. Woodson, S. Verkercke, C. Dukes. On the origins of backscattered solar wind energetic neutral hydrogen from the Moon and Mercury, Planetary and Space Science, 229, 105660 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2023.105660. [Article]
P. Riccardi and C.A. Dukes, “Spectra of Low Energy Electrons Emitted in the Interaction of Slow Ne+ Ions with Mg Surfaces.” Surfaces, 6, 257-267 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/surfaces6030018 [Article]
A.K. Woodson and C.A. Dukes, Characterizing regolith roughness for parameterization of laboratory desorption and sputtering measurements, 53rd LPSC Abstract# XXXX (2022)
Christoph, J. M., Minesinger, G. M., Bu, C., Dukes, C. A., & Elkins-Tanton, L. T. Space weathering effects in troilite by simulated solar-wind hydrogen and helium ion irradiation. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 127, e2021JE006916. HTTPS://DOI.ORG/10.1029/2021JE006916 (2022) [Article]
L. Daly, M. R. Lee, L. J. Hallis, H. A. Ishii, J. P. Bradley, P. A. Bland, D. W. Saxey, D. Fougerouse, W. D. A. Rickard, L. V. Forman, N. E. Timms, F. Jourdan, S. M. Reddy, T. Salge, Z. Quadir, E. V. Christou, M. A. Cox, J. Aguiar, K. Hattar, A. Monterrosa, L. P. Keller, R. Christoffersen, C.A. Dukes, M. J. Loeffler and M. S. Thompson, Solar contributions to Earth’s oceans, Nature Astronomy 5, 1275–1285 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-021-01487-w [Article]
G.M. Minesinger, J.M. Christoph, C.A. Dukes, C. Bu, and L.T. Elkins-Tanton, Modeling the Effect of Solar Ion Irradiation of Troilite with SDTrimSP – Implications for (16) Psyche, 52nd LPSC Abst# 2534 (2021)
J. M. Christoph, C. Bu, G.M. Minesinger, C.A. Dukes, and L. T. Elkins-Tanton, Laboratory Simulations of Troilite Space Weathering by Solar Wind Ion Iradiation: Surface, Composition, and Spectral Effects, 52nd LPSC Abst# 2715 (2021)
G. O. Killian, C.A. Dukes and C.Bu, Simulation-Derived Thermal Diffusion Parameters in Temperature-Dependent Depletion of Potassium Adsorbed on Magnetite, 52nd LPSC Abst# 2776 (2021)